Hangul Population Shows Revival in Kashmir Valley

Why in the News?

The 2025 Hangul census reveals a rise in the population of the critically endangered royal stag from 289 in 2023 to 323, highlighting the impact of sustained conservation measures and improved ecological and security conditions in Jammu and Kashmir. This positive trend underscores the importance of robust environmental jurisprudence and the implementation of the Forest Conservation Act in protecting endangered species.

Rising Population Trend of the Hangul:

• The royal stag (Hangul) population in Jammu and Kashmir has recorded a significant increase, reaching 323 individuals in 2025, up from 289 in 2023, as per the latest census. This growth reflects the success of conservation efforts guided by principles of environmental democracy and sustainable development.
• Census findings were presented at the 6th Wildlife Board meeting, chaired by Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha, reflecting institutional oversight of wildlife conservation. The meeting also discussed the role of environmental clearances in balancing development and conservation needs.
• Long-term data shows a consistent upward trend, from 127 animals in 2008 to 214 in 2017, 237 in 2019, and now 323 in 2025, indicating gradual recovery. This progress demonstrates the positive impact of stringent environmental regulations and the effective implementation of the Forest Conservation Act.
• Wildlife officials attribute this improvement to targeted conservation efforts, habitat protection, and better monitoring mechanisms. These efforts are supported by a growing body of environmental jurisprudence that prioritizes species conservation and ecosystem health.
• Improved law and order conditions in the Kashmir Valley over the past two decades have also reduced anthropogenic pressures on wildlife habitats. This improvement has allowed for more effective implementation of environmental regulations and clearances.

Habitat, Distribution and Conservation Efforts

• The Hangul is endemic to the Kashmir Valley and represents the last surviving red deer species in the Indian subcontinent. Its conservation is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance, as recognized by environmental impact assessments in the region.
• Its primary habitat is the Dachigam National Park (141 sq km), located on the outskirts of Srinagar, which once supported large herds before the onset of militancy in 1989. The park’s management now incorporates principles of environmental democracy, ensuring local community involvement in conservation efforts.
• Recent sporadic sightings have been reported in connected landscapes such as Tral Wildlife Sanctuary in south Kashmir, though populations outside Dachigam remain negligible. These sightings highlight the need for comprehensive environmental clearances that consider wildlife corridors and habitat connectivity.
• Conservation strategies include habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, controlled grazing, and periodic population censuses conducted every two years. These efforts are guided by the precautionary principle and supported by robust environmental jurisprudence.
• These measures aim to ensure genetic viability, reduce habitat fragmentation, and gradually expand the Hangul’s ecological range. The success of these initiatives demonstrates the importance of integrating environmental considerations into regional development plans, as mandated by the Coastal Regulation Zone notifications and other environmental laws.