GS Mains Capsule

PAPER 1: History, Art & Culture, Society, Geography

1. History & Indian Heritage

• Ancient India: Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic Age, Mauryan & Gupta Empires
• Medieval India: Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Bhakti & Sufi Movements
• Modern India (1757–1947): British Policies, Socio-Religious Movements, Freedom Struggle
• Post-Independence India: Integration of States, Green Revolution, Economic Policies

2. Art & Culture

• Classical & Folk Dances, Music, Paintings
• UNESCO Heritage Sites in India
• Architecture – Ancient, Medieval, Modern
• Literature & Performing Arts

3. Society & Social Issues

• Diversity of India – Linguistic, Regional, Religious, Ethnic
• Issues – Caste, Women Empowerment, LGBTQ+, Child Labor
• Welfare Policies – MNREGA, Beti Bachao, Ayushman Bharat
• Globalization & Social Change

4. Geography

• Physical Geography: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tsunamis, Climate Patterns
• Indian Geography: Himalayas, Rivers, Plateau, Agriculture, Natural Disasters
• World Geography: Geophysical Phenomena, Climate Change

PAPER 2: Polity, Governance & International Relations

1. Indian Constitution & Polity

• Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs
• Parliament & State Legislatures – Powers, Functions
• Judiciary – SC, HC, PIL, Judicial Reforms
• Federalism – Centre-State Relations, GST Council

2. Governance & Public Administration

• Civil Services, Ethics in Governance
• Transparency – RTI, Citizen Charter
• Welfare Schemes – Education, Health, Social Justice

3. International Relations

• India & Neighbors – Pakistan, China, Sri Lanka, Nepal
• Major Global Organizations – UN, WTO, IMF, WHO
• International Treaties – Paris Agreement, QUAD, AUKUS
• India’s Soft Power – Diaspora, Culture Diplomacy

PAPER 3: Economy, Science & Tech, Environment, Security

1. Indian Economy

• Economic Growth – GDP, Inflation, Fiscal Policy
• Agriculture – MSP, Farm Bills, FPOs
• Banking & Finance – RBI, Monetary Policy, Financial Inclusion
• Infrastructure – Roads, Railways, Smart Cities

2. Science & Technology

• Space – ISRO Missions, Chandrayaan, Gaganyaan
• AI, Blockchain, 5G, Cyber Security
• Biotech – GM Crops, Vaccines, Stem Cells
• Renewable Energy – Solar, Wind, Green Hydrogen

3. Environment & Ecology

• Climate Change – COP Summits, IPCC Reports
• Conservation – Project Tiger, Ramsar Sites, Afforestation
• Pollution Control – Air, Water, Noise, Plastic Waste

4. Internal Security & Disaster Management

• Border Security – LAC, LOC, Indo-Pacific Strategy
• Naxalism & Insurgency – AFSPA, Northeast Issues
• Cyber Security – Data Protection, Social Media Threats
• Terrorism – Global & Domestic Challenges

PAPER 4: Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

1. Ethics & Human Values

• Philosophical Thinkers – Gandhian Ethics, Kant, Aristotle
• Integrity, Objectivity, Probity in Public Life
• Work Ethics – Honesty, Accountability

2. Emotional Intelligence & Aptitude

• Decision-Making in Administration
• Emotional Intelligence – Importance & Application

3. Public Administration & Ethics

• Code of Conduct for Civil Servants
• Role of Ethics in Public Service
• Corruption – Lokpal, CVC, Whistleblower Protection

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